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Dödsfall pga överdos finns inga pga det höga LD50 värdet. Vitaminer, vatten tex är många gånger om så lägre. Men läser man FHIs egna papper så gäller det bla självmord med THC i sig genom hopp från hög höjd, trafikolyckor etc.
Men lätt att vrida på det för att få andra att tro att cannabis är farligt.http://www.fhi.se/Documents/Statistik-uppfoljning/ANTD/Akuta-narkotikadodsfall.pdf
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@DoctorDoom wrote:
Om någon vet något om hur cannabis kan påverka hunger känslan droppa en rad!
Rimonabant användes för att hämma effekten för bla överviktiga personer. Det binder till receptorerna och hämmar som sagt, motverkar effekten. Liknande händer när du rökar för mycket, eller egentligen är det dina receptorer som nedregleras för att inte ta skada, och då får man mindre hungerkänsla. Låt bli rökat några dagar så dem uppregleras så återkommer hungerkänslan igen, får det själv ibland när man rökat mycket.
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Reserverar denna.
PS : Bilderna kommer förstoras.
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Photograph of calluses growing on root initiation media with arrows pointing to developing roots. Some chlorophyll (green) pigmentation is also present. The small root hairs, which increase surface area for optimal water uptake, are also visible. The inset photo is an enlargement of the rooting callus.It is important to consider that once the developing plants are moved to soil their organs will have to sustain a young plant. Care should also be taken to minimize exposure of the young plants to pests or harsh environmental conditions such as temperature fluxuations. Therefore, before transferring the developing plants consider where they will be grown. An indoor growth chamber with adequate light is necessary in nearly all situations of plant transformation. This provides a steady, equilibrated environment with an adequate light source. Most plant growth chambers allow for temperature, light and sometimes even CO2 control.
A Cannabis callus that has been genetically modified with the GFP gene is shown growing in a Magenta box. When its roots, shoot and leaves have further developed, it can be placed in soil and moved to a growth chamber.If moving the transformed Cannabis to a greenhouse or an outdoor area, they need time to slowly adjust. Small increases of time in exposure to less favorable conditions are made gradually over several weeks. This is extra work and lends itself to possible plant death, wasting many months of hard work. Therefore using a growth chamber provides the best chance for keeping the transgenic Cannabis alive.
A refrigerator-sized growth chamber used for growing transformed plants with delicate new roots and shoots.
A smaller growth chamber, which performs equally well compared to that of the larger refrigerator-sized chamber, can also be used for optimizing tissue culture conditions.
Flow chart of Cannabis tissue culture method progressing from the original stem of the Cannabis plant to further breeding. Each step shown here is often slightly modified according to the type of plant species one is working with.5. The GFP Leaf
The simplest Cannabis transformation involves using Agrobacterium that has the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene in its T-DNA region. The GFP gene codes for a protein that fluoresces ~500nm (green) wavelengths of light when exposed to blue light. In respect to its size and relation to other protein molecules it is a relatively modest protein, composed of only 238 amino acids. Agrobacterium that contains this gene (and an array of other genes) can be readily purchased (see Appendix
.Similar to the cytochrome discussed earlier, GFP contains a chromophore. The chromophore has electrons that are excited by the blue light. Upon exposure to blue light the electrons in the chromophore are elevated to a higher energy state. As they lose excitation they release energy in the form of visible light, which is the cause of the fluorescence. This brings us back to the concept of electromagnetic radiation, discussed in the opening chapter. Visible light is a small part of a spectrum of different frequencies of energy. High-energy waves have a higher frequency and a smaller wavelength. Low energy waves of the spectrum have less energy and a lower frequency.
Gamma rays and X-rays are on the high-energy end of the spectrum while radio waves are on the opposite end and have less energy. Visible light is somewhere in the middle of these two extremes. At just a higher frequency than visible light is ultraviolet light, which damages cells due to its high-energy nature. The colors on the visible part of the spectrum can be divided into specific frequencies and have distinct wavelengths. Violet, next to ultraviolet, is a higher frequency than red, while green is in between these two. An easy way to remember the order of light and its frequencies is with the pneumonic, ROY G BIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet).
From knowing the colors and their associated wavelengths, understanding fluorescence is straightforward. When something fluoresces it emits a lower energy color than the incident, or incoming, wavelength that first strikes it. For example, shining a blue light on something with fluorescent properties results in a lower energy wavelength of light being emitted, such as green. The fluorescence itself arises due to an electron being momentarily excited to a higher energy state and then falling back to a lower energy state. The transition of energy states results in a particle of light (a photon) being released. Humans see this as fluorescence.
The green fluorescent protein gene was first isolated from a jellyfish in the 1990’s. It has since found many uses in plant biotechnology (Sheen et al., 1995; Davis and Vierstra, 1998). Its main use is to act as a reporter gene. This means that when performing a plant transformation experiment, the GFP gene can be attached to the T-DNA region of the plasmid. This then allows for visual confirmation of a successful plant transformation experiment. Green fluorescent protein has become so important in many experiments that the discoverers of GFP were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 (Cantrill, 2008).
Since its discovery the GFP gene has been inserted into many other organisms, including animals. This has included making glowing fish (Danio sp.), and mice. Many pet stores now sell GFP fish to put into home aquariums. Perhaps the strangest creation of all has been the GFP pig.
Induced mutations of the GFP gene make a protein that emits slightly different wavelengths of light. Available in the biotech market today, there exists a GFP reporter gene that will result in a protein that fluoresces nearly every color of the rainbow. Transforming these genes into Cannabis would result in a plant with colorful buds when under a black light.
The pragmatical reasons for doing a Cannabis-GFP transformation are difficult to argue. However, science is not just about pragmatism, it’s also about discovery, exploration, and excitement. When tobacco was first transformed with a firefly gene (that encoded for the protein luciferase), everyone including the public sector as well as school kids were all suddenly interested in how plant biotechnology might affect their lives. The same reasons might be argued for creating a glowing Cannabis plant.
However, in some cases such as the creation of GFP mice was not simply for show. It has, in fact, led to an important new method of studying brain function. Using different variants of the GFP gene that emitted different wavelengths (colors) of light has allowed scientists to study individual cells and differentiate between single neurons. Since brains are often quasi-organized, but often with indiscernible entanglements, variation in neuron color helps to distinguish individual neurons. Perhaps making a GFP Cannabis plant with the same variety of fluorescence could lead to better viewing of the xylem and phloem.
The GPF experiments offer insight into how biotechnology provides advances in knowledge and discovery. However, cutting a gene out of one organism and putting it into another organism requires skill, proper knowledge and the proper lab equipment. First, the experiment must be decided. The sequence of the gene of interest must at least partially be known, which allows isolation and amplification of the gene. Second, a potential organism to be transformed must be decided. Usually this is selected from a choice of model organisms whose genome composition, ability to be transformed, and growth conditions have been well established. Finally, one must then decide on the vector, or the way that the gene will be transferred. We have previously discussed the Agrobacterium plasmid as the vector for Cannabis transformation.
Inserting the gene into the chosen organism can only be done after the gene has been ligated, or enzymatically linked, to a vector. Perhaps the most well established vector for transforming plant calluses is the plasmid of Agrobacterium. Therefore, in order to deliver the gene from Agrobacterium into plant calluses, the plasmid must be ligated to the gene. Many molecular biology kits to carry this reaction out are commercially available from a wide range of companies.
After ligation, the plasmid containing the gene can then be inserted into the Agrobacterium in one of two ways. The plasmid with the ligated gene can be mixed with Agrobacterium cells and placed in a small tube called a cuvette. An electric shock is given that forces the Agrobacterium to take up the plasmid. This process is known as electroporation.
An electroporator, which is used to make Agrobacterium take up the plasmid. The upper left corner shows the cuvette. After placing Agrobacterium and the plasmid into the cuvette, the cuvette is inserted into the pod and a small pulse of electricity is given.Selection for transformed Agrobacterium can then be carried out on antibiotic containing Petri dishes that only allow Agrobacterium that has a plasmid to grow. This is because the plasmid will have an antibiotic resistance gene, as previously discussed.
The second way to make Agrobacterium take up the ligated plasmid is called heat shock. In this method, the Agrobacterium and plasmid are mixed in a small tube. This mixture is transferred from ice to a warm water bath, then back to ice. The cells are then spread onto the Petri dish, much like after doing an electroporation reaction.
After growing the Agrobacterium on a Petri dish, some of the cells can be picked off with a sterile wire and dipped into a broth (liquid) culture, which is a growth media similar to the Petri dish but without the solidifying agar. This broth is allowed to grow for two days, or until the Agrobacterium reach a desired cellular density.
A few drops of the broth culture cells can be dropped onto plant tissue callus. By their nature, they will infect the plant callus tissue and insert the genes from the plasmid (the T-DNA). This is the basis of genetically transforming the plant cells. If so chosen, the Agrobacterium that was grown in broth can be grown in bulk and small aliquots frozen for future use. Now that you have been provided the basics on how to make a transgenic Cannabis plant, it seems necessary to divulge into some of the candidate genes.
6. Woody Cannabis
Nearly all plant cells have a rigid, outer protective layer called a cell wall that provides support and protection for the cellular contents. The cell wall is not a static entity. It has enzymes imbedded that perform a wide array of biochemical functions. The main component of plant cell walls is cellulose, a large polysaccharide made up of glucose monomers.
Almost anyone who has taken a basic biology class knows that a cell is the smallest unit of life. On a microscopic scale, cells are small factories where thousands of biochemical process are occurring each second. All plant cells also have a plasma membrane, made up of lipid-derived molecules. Seeing how the plasma membrane helps keep a cell together can be understood when looking at oil and vinegar salad dressing. Notice that in this dressing there are two distinct layers, an oily (water insoluble) phase and a liquid (lipid insoluble) phase. You have to shake the bottle of dressing to try and bring the two layers together. But after time, the layers separate again. A cell membrane is similar to the bottle of oil and vinegar salad dressing in that it keeps the liquid phase, which contains all of the cell’s machinery, together by making the oily outer layer called the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane then is like an oil shell, providing a fairly constant internal environment. Imbedded in this oily shell are proteins with various functions.
In a plant cell, in addition to the plasma membrane, part of keeping the internal parts from bursting out from the oily shell layer (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, etc.) is provided by the most exterior layer called the cell wall. Integrity of the cell is maintained by keeping the cell in tact by the rigid external layer of cellulose, a major component of the cell wall. The cell wall also keeps the inner plasma membrane and its contents protected from external environmental onslaught such as salinity changes or pressure changes. It also protects the cell from popping due to internal pressure from water accumulation. In fact, the cell wall was a crucial evolutionary step in the transition of plants from their aquatic ancestors to colonize land.
There are two components to the cell wall, a primary and a secondary cell wall. The primary wall is established first, early in the cell’s life. As time progresses the cell matures and the secondary wall is established. This wall is laid down inside of the primary wall. The secondary cell wall is the portion that often contains higher amounts of lignin and is at least partly responsible for what is known as wood. Laying down lignin in the cell wall is called lignification. Both the primary and secondary wall contain cellulose but differ in concentration of lignin and the types of proteins. Between each plant cell and on the outside of the cell wall there is a layer of a substance called pectin, which is a carbohydrate that essentially glues adjacent cells together. Pectin is also the substance that is used in thickening jellies and jams.
All of this is important because an interesting discovery occurred with researchers who wanted to understand how lignin, the main component of wood, is produced in large trees (Kirst et al., 2003). They examined the gene sequences of Arabidopsis, which usually doesn’t produce wood.
Using the tools of bioinformatics, which uses computers to understand sequences in databases, they first found and identified several genes that played a role in secondary xylem, or wood production. The researchers then started comparing the sequences of the tree genes with Arabidopsis genes. To their surprise, they found remarkable similarities. Although their morphological appearances were strikingly different, both shared the genes needed for wood production. For some unknown reason, the lignin genes have been turned off ‘in Arabidopsis.
Since Arabidopsis, the small herbaceous mustard plant, had the genes for wood production in its genome, other researchers have postulated that if these genes were to be expressed, wood formation might occur. Indeed, research in this avenue has already begun with some success (Mitsuda et al., 2007). Although Arabidopsis is usually thought of as a herbaceous (non-woody) plant, this has been changed through the tools of biotechnology.
Searching for the gene for wood production in Cannabis could prove to be difficult considering that there is limited genomic information available. However, it would indeed be possible to use the Arabidopsis study as a stepping-stone to reach the goal of producing a woody Cannabis plant. The DNA sequence of a gene for one species is often similar to the same gene in a different species. This is called gene homology, or as sometimes referred to-two genes are homologous if they share similar sequences and are found in different species. The gene for wood production is most likely hidden somewhere in the Cannabis genome, much like it was hidden in the Arabidopsis genome. The gene simply needs to be detected and properly expressed.
The construction of the plant cell wall and lignification depends on the activity of enzymes responsible for synthesis of cellulose, lignin and other polymers. Most people are familiar with plants, whether they are found in gardens, in homes, front yards, dinner tables, or in a pipe, people are often directly interacting with plants. Interacting indirectly with plants is inevitable, since breathing the oxygen they release is fundamental to most life on earth. However, the great majority of people are less familiar with the plant cell.
Since Cannabis already has the machinery to produce primary and secondary cell walls, the only necessary genetic changes would be to up-regulate lignin production in the secondary wall. The challenge is to find and isolate the gene in Cannabis, which is entirely possible through bioinformatics and understanding gene homology.
Transforming Cannabis with a gene for increased lignin production would be a practical application of biotechnology. Having a woody plant would allow an outdoor gardener to have a perennial Cannabis plant. Buying and planting new seeds to sew each year could be eliminated. Cuttings to propagate a favorite strain would also be easier to obtain and share among friends.
With the correct genes for both wood production and size, an extreme case of an entire forest of Cannabis trees is possible. This would have ecological ramifications beyond releasing a genetically modified crop organism into the wild. For instance, imagine a forest fire where the smoke has enough THC to get every man woman and child in an adjacent city stoned. Firefighters rushing to the scene may find themselves unable to focus on extinguishing the fire. Although an extreme scenario, this helps articulate the fact that regulations of genetically modified organisms are indeed important.
Since hemp is already used as a sustainable crop in some countries, they may want to consider growing hemp varieties with higher lignin production. These genetically modified varieties could be useful for more durable goods than that made from traditional hemp strains. The current hemp varieties are in fact better than trees for making paper due in part because they have a lower lignin density. The lower lignin concentration makes hemp an attractive plant because the higher lignin in trees requires more harsh chemicals used in processing. In fact, it is because of the lignin that hemp is often preferred over trees. Hemp also has a higher cellulose density than trees, making it great for increasing product yields.
For these reasons one may argue against making a woody Cannabis plant. However, if the countries where hemp is currently cultivated could be grown to increase lignin production the country would surely benefit. A country with much of its land mass given over to desert or dry area is often able to grow hemp. If these same areas could produce lignin within their countries, they could rely less on the import of forest products. This in turn would slow the destruction of forests in other countries. An advantage of higher lignin content is also given to the plant. Many organisms cannot tolerate eating lignin and therefore a transgenic hemp plant with higher lignin content may provide herbivore resistance.
But other benefits abound for humans. A high lignin-producing hemp plant could provide raw materials for building more durable goods than presently available from contemporary hemp varieties. The current list of products made from hemp ranges in the hundreds. Increasing lignin content could expand this list. Based on the current rate of forest destruction, it may be absolutely necessary to make a transgenic hemp plant that makes large amounts of lignin.
7. Plant Secondary Metabolites and Terpene Production
Knowing the biochemistry that presently occurs in plants is vital to understanding plant biotechnology. There are hundreds of biochemical pathways that lead to a plant product. Knowing all of these pathways is unnecessary and can be time consuming (and impossible) to learn. Therefore, one should primarily concern themselves with the pathways that lead to important Cannabis compounds (e.g., tetrahydrocannibinol). To begin this exploration the terpene pathway is introduced. However, it is also important to know other plant secondary metabolites.
Previously we discussed plant primary metabolites. These consist of proteins (amino acids), carbohydrates (sugars), fats and lipids, and DNA and RNA (nucleic acids). Primary metabolites are crucial to plant survival. Without these four basic metabolites, a plant could not carry out the daily requirements and processes of life.
Secondary metabolites differ from primary metabolites in that they are not always necessary for plant survival. However, they are often advantageous or provide some benefit to the plant. There are three major groups of plant secondary metabolites; phenolics, alkaloids and terpenes. Phenolics are distinct in that they have a carbon ring structure with a hydroxyl group (-OH derivative) attached. Lignin, a huge polymer of phenolic rings, is the most common phenolic compound among plants. Other important phenolic compounds include tannins, vanilla, nutmeg, capsaicin (the spicy hot molecule in peppers), and anthocyanins (plant pigments).
Alkaloids represent another class of secondary metabolites. Alkaloids are bitter tasting nitrogenous compounds. A popular alkaloid in the 1980’s was cocaine. Other well-known alkaloids in include atropine, caffeine, psilocybin, strychnine, quinine, and morphine.
Terpene synthases are the enzymes that synthesize terpenes, the third and final class of secondary metabolites. Terpene enzymatic pathways have been described in detail (Pichersky et al., 2006). Terpenes provide a wide array of functions in plants. For example, the tail portion of the chlorophyll molecule is composed of the terpene called phytol, which is a diterpene. Citrus smells are possible because of limonene, a monoterpene. In total there are about 60,000 known phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenes. Terpenes make up the largest proportion of plant secondary metabolites.
The most important terpene, at least in this book, is geranyl diphoshpate, which is needed for tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) biosynthesis. The basic enzymatic pathways leading to molecules of terpenes incorporate carbon molecules based on multiples of fives. Therefore, a nomenclature system has emerged that follows this pattern.
Similarly, a nomenclature system exists for enzymes, the proteins that act as a catalyst to speed reaction rates. One only needs to add the suffix ‘-ase’ onto a protein’s function to give it a name. For example, a transferase is an enzyme that transfers one molecule to another and a decarboxylase is an enzyme that removes a carbon. Most of the steps leading from one molecule to another involve an enzyme. These enzymes are desirable to understand because over expression of anyone of these protein’s genes could lead to higher THC production in Cannabis.
The five carbon units for building terpenes consist of the phoshporylated (has a phosphate added) starting materials isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). These can be joined in either “tail to tail” or “head to tail” reactions. In the case of the atmosphere and its terpene constituents, the low molecular weight terpenes have been shown to play are larger role, and hence have been more widely studied in global climate.
Additionally, it has been observed that plants can produce terpenes (anabolism) and then consume them by breaking them down (catabolism). Often, large terpene compounds can be metabolically broken down and released in smaller (reduced molecular weight) forms. The reactions of terpene biosynthesis are an important part of Cannabis biochemistry.
Shown above is a single isoprene molecule (C5H16) is the primary constituent of all terpenes.There are two pathways, which lead to production of terpenes. The mevalonate (MVA) pathway for terpene production in higher plants occurs in the cell cytoplasm and leads to sesquiterpenes and triterpenes. The second pathway is called the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose (DXP or non-MVA) pathway and occurs in the plastid. This pathway can lead to monoterpenes and diterpenes.
Plant Cell
Plant cell showing each terpene pathway. Geranyl diphosphate is used in THC synthesis.To begin the MVA pathway, thiolase catalyzes the synthesis of acetylacetyl-CoA by fusing two acetyl-CoA molecules. HMG-CoA synthase synthesizes acetylacetyl-CoA with a third acetyl-CoA to produce 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA). A final reaction catalyzed by HMG-CoA reductase uses 2 NADPH to reduce HMG-CoA to the six-carbon molecule mevalonate (MVA).
The high-energy molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required for the next three reactions, which ultimately lead to isopentenyl diphosphate. These reactions involve MVA kinase, MVAP kinase, and MVAPP decarboxylase, and proceed with MVA, mevalonic acid 5-phosphate (MVAP), mevalonic acid 5-diphosphate (MVAPP), and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), respectively.
The plastidial pathway is initiated with the joining a pyruvate molecule to a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecule facilitated by the enzyme DOXP synthase. This forms l-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP). This is reduced by the enzyme DOXP reductoisom erase (DOXP-R) to form 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP). A cytidine triphosphate then incorporated to form 4-(cytidine-5-diphoshpo)-2-C-methyl-D- erythritol (CDP-ME) via the enzyme CDP-ME synthase.
An ATP is used to add a phosphate to form 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl D-erythritol 2-phosphate (CDP-ME-2P). The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is CDP-ME kinase. This product is then cyclized to form 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (CDP-ME diphosphate) via CDP-ME diphosphate synthase. After removing a water molecule, (E)-4 hydroxy-3-mehtylbut-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) is formed via HMBPP synthase. The final step removes an additional water molecule while simultaneously reducing (E)-4-hydroxy-3-mehtylbut-2-enyl diphosphate to yield isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).
Plant Cell
Outline of the cytosolic terpene pathway and the plastidial terpene pathway. Note the cross talk between each pathway. Geranyl diphosphate is perhaps the most relevant molecule to THC biosynthesis.Since they are phosphorylated, the IPP and DAMPP can be used in the so-called “head to head” or “tail to tail” combinations to build terpenes. DAMPP can also be produced from IPP by the enzyme isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPP isomerase). Dimetheylallyl transferase uses either IPP or DMAPP to form geranyl diphosphate or farnesyl dihposphate via polyisoprene synthase. Geranyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, respectively. It is geranyl diphosphate, which lends itself to THC synthesis. Finally, it is important to note that there can be exchange of products between the cytosolic and plastidial pathways.
Many biochemical reactions taking place within plant cells are not carrie out in such sequential steps. Although biochemical pathways occur when precursor molecules initiate the pathway, things can only proceed as fast as products are made. This is because enzymes are often suspended within an intracellular matrix (the cytoplasm) or attached to a cellular membrane, so that reactants must somehow join with the correct enzyme.
A complex interaction between enzymes and their substrate concentration is played out where an enzyme may only be produced on demand. It follows from this that increasing the concentration of the substrates can cause an increase the concentration of the products. All of this has led to something called a rate-limiting step. This says that the rate of any reaction depends on the previous reaction. When thinking about THC production, it relies on previous steps within the THC biosynthetic process. The HMG- CoA reductase enzyme is often considered a rate-limiting step.
The enzymatic reactions taking place within the plant cell all occur very rapidly and depend heavily on the temperature and concentration of reactants and enzymes. The terpene pathway is one of many plant biosynthetic pathways. Therefore it is not too surprising that the terpene pathway also overlaps with other plant pathways, including plant hormone synthesis. For example, gibberellins and auxins are both formed starting with a molecule of mevalonate derived from the MVA pathway.
Since THC is the most active component of marijuana smoke, the importance of its molecular synthesis cannot be overstated. Like the terpene pathway, the THC pathway consists of different enzymatic steps and has intermediate molecules, for example it is synthesized via a terpene. Each of these enzymes plays a crucial role in the overall formation of plant secondary metabolites.
Becoming familiar with both the terpene pathway and the THC pathway allows one to understand not only key enzymes, but also the genes that encode those enzymes. This is crucial to relating the ways in which Cannabis can be genetically transformed. For example, in order to increase the concentration of the psychoactive component of Cannabis, an increase in IPP or DMAPP is needed. These molecules are produced in the terpene pathway. The gene coding for the protein that synthesizes IPP or DMAPP needs to be over expressed in Cannabis. Choosing any gene that codes for any enzyme within the terpene pathway might produce a similar increase, but needs to be experimentally verified. The important component to remember from these complex pathways of THC synthesis is that transferring any of these genes is possible with today’s biotechnology tools. Before detail on these tools and techniques are provided, a review of the THC pathway is necessary.
8. The THC Pathway
Nu blir det paus, men uppdatering kommer.
Tänkte samtidigt kolla om det finns intresse för tex förklaring hur CBDA oxå syntiseras ur/av CBGA. Det är inte bara THCA-A, THCA-B (när båda finns) som kommer därifrån.
Resterande 14 (vad ja läst om) cannabinoider oxå, eller dem flesta samt subcannabinoider kan förklaras om så önskas. -
Här finns lite som kanske vore av intresse.
Har mera, men mycket att gå igenom här. Finns att hittas på nätet.Effect of nitrogen on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) leaves at different positions
Cannabinoid profile and elemental uptake of Cannabis sativa L. as influenced by soil characteristics
Cannabis sativa L. growing on heavy metal contaminated soil: growth, cadmium uptake and photosynthesis
Investigation of the influence of soil types, environmental conditions, age and morphological plant parts on the chemical composition of Cannabis sativa
Soil washing of Pb, Zn and Cd using biodegradable chelator and permeable barriers and induced phytoextraction by Cannabis sativa
Influence of environmental conditions on tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) in different cultivars of Cannabis sativa
Effect of salinity in nutrient solution on yield of cannabis in indoor condition
Mineral nutrition of Cannabis sativa L.
Responses of Greenhouse-grown Cannabis sativa L. to Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium
Effect of ecophysiological conditions on the growth, development and cannabinoid content of clones corresponding to the two chemical types of Cannabis sativa L. from South Africa
Soil type and soil management factors in hemp production
Relationship between leaf nutrient concentrations and yield of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Effect of nutrient supplies on the nutrient uptake of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) during the vegetation period
Effect of mineral fertilisation on the yield of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
The effect of soil fertilization on the formation and the amount of cannabinoid substances in Cannabis sativa L. in the course of one vegetation period.
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@greensymphony wrote:
Jag vill bringa klarhet i varför silvernitrat är ett “måste” i feminiserade frön?
Silver “stör etylen” men är inget som behövs eftersom könet i sig är inte till 100% bestämt från början. Det sitter genetiskt, men genetik är bara en av 3 saker som bestämmer könet. Nivåer av hormoner samt miljöfaktorer som tex gaser, näringar, luftfuktighet, temp, ljus, antibiotika, etc, etc spelar oxå roll. Cannabis har inte bara ett XY system för att bestämma detta så man kan påverka könet med flertal saker. Nukleinsyror samt protein nivåer är inte samma i honor/hanar i vegg, och detta kan man påverka med miljöfaktorer och påverka kön tex. Genotyper har mindre faktorer som kan styras än fenotyper, samt skillnad på om den är dioik eller monoik (finns en till ja ej kommer på)
Därav har vissa lättare att visa hermis tendenser än andra.
Men kott och gort så går det att påverka könet på flertal sätt för att få fler honor än män om man vill. Här finns lite att läsa om det vore intressant.
pga om det skulle vara upphovsskyddat så skriver jag bara vad dem heter, finns och hittas på nätet.On the sex determination in hemp cannabis sativa L
Effect of some growth regulators on extension growth and sex expression of Cannabis sativa
Influence of environment on sexual expression in hemp
Cytological basis of the sex determination in cannabis sativa
Sex reversal in hemp by application of gibberellin
The influence of growth regulators absorbed by the root on sex expression in hemp plants
The fluctuation curve of sex reversal in staminate hemp plants induced by photoperiodicity
Complete reversal of sex in hemp
Meiotic chromosomes of monoecious kentucky hemp
Sex reversal in hemp
The influence of relative length of daylight in the reversal of sex in hemp
Induction of fertile male flowers in genetically female Cannabis sativa plants by silver nitrate and silver thiosulfate anionic complex
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@Herbman wrote:
Växten “sover..
Nej. Om du läser, så kommer du se att dem faktiskt inte alls sover
eller vilar fast det är mörkt. Även om stomata stängs så är det
aktivitet i dem för det och socker som har sparats används för det.
Rör mycket, hormoner, rötterna växer under natten. “fortare än under dagen” med mycket mera. -
Ingen växt trivs eller växer bäst under 24 timmar ljus, ingen.
Påstår man det, då skall man läsa om fotobiologi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobiology
Vad du skall göra för att få så mycket som möjligt av växten,
eller nyttja så mycket som möjligt av ljuset för tillväxt
är att manipullera DLI. “daily light integral”
Finns även ljus mätare för det man kan sätta i jorden.
DLI light meter kan du söka på om det låter intressant.Vad DLI är kan du läsa här.
http://www.gpnmag.com/Daily-Light-Integral-Defined-article7534 -
Om man bortser från smärtbehandling som du nämner med cannabis,
och istället går på att allt i våra kroppar regleras av cannabinoider.
Och just därför fungerar mot nästan allt inom sjukväg man kan komma på. Eller snarare sjukdomar skall jag väl säga. Därav säger jag ej att cannabis skulle vara alternativ medicin.
Personen är professor i molekylärbiologi och biokemi och har en PhD
på det endocannabinoida systemet. Lyssna vad han säger just om medicin vid 0:28 -
Lägre temp ger både mindre tricomer, men oxå sämre kvalitet.
Temperatur är en sak som styr det, försök hålla jämn temp dygnet runt.
Gärna högre än 20 med om du kan. -
@Yggdrasil wrote:
6000 lumen på 2 plantor tycker inte jag är för lite… det borde vara tillräckligt…
Mer ljus eller oxå rätt ljus spelar stor roll, inte bara för mängden. “skörd”
Utan även dem kemiska processerna som rör cannabinoiderna.
Olika färger på ljuset får olika hastigheter på det, likaså tiden
man ger dem ljus. men oxå hur intensivt ljuset är spelar roll
för potensen. så val av ljus är viktigt det med. -
Nu har du ju i min mening väldigt lite ljus om man ser till maximal tillväxt.
Men häng gärna in några med rött ljus med så du får snabbare fotosyntes.
Någon hade påstått att blått skulle vara bäst för den,
men rött får bättre fart på fotosyntesen är blått. -
Cannabinoider hjälper även mot just sammandragningar i tarmkanalen
som ofta ger smärta. Dem regler det normalt sett så röka ger kroppen mera
och kan göra det effektivare. Även inflammationen i tarmarna, dem är
överfulla med CB2 receptorer. Röka cannabis skyddar även mot att utveckla det. Finns flertal andra ställen, men här finns lite att läsa. -
Det är sådant som händer. Det har börjat att växa ut från dem nu i varje fall, så dem tar sig igen. Bladen ser väl ut som den gör i början pga hormonerna, men är inte riktigt säker där. Dem kommer i varje fall att växa som vanligt senare.
